I. Kev txhais thiab kev siv cov khoom siv hlau kho mob
Cov khoom siv hlau kho mob, tseem hu ua cov khoom siv phais phais hlau, feem ntau yog siv rau kev kuaj mob, kev kho mob, thiab hloov cov ntaub so ntswg lossis kev txhim kho hauv tib neeg lub cev. Tshaj li 20 xyoo dhau los, thaum txoj kev loj hlob ntawm cov khoom siv kho mob hlau tau qeeb dua li cov ntaub ntawv biomedical xws li polymers, composites, hybrids, thiab derivatives, lawv muaj ntau yam khoom siv kho mob tsis tuaj yeem sib xws, suav nrog lub zog siab, zoo toughness, flexural fatigue resistance, thiab ua haujlwm zoo heev. Lawv yog cov khoom siv dav dav tshaj plaws -cov khoom siv cog qoob loo hauv kev siv tshuaj kho mob. Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob ntawm hlau 3D tshuab luam ntawv, hlau cov ntaub ntawv kho mob tau txais kev thov dav, nrog rau cov ntawv thov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nrog rau cov pob txha fixation phaj, ntsia hlau, pob qij txha, thiab kev cog hniav.
II. Feem ntau siv cov khoom siv hlau kho mob
Cov ntaub ntawv hlau tseem ceeb siv hauv kev kho mob xws li stainless hlau, cobalt alloys, titanium alloys, zoo nco alloys, precious hlau, thiab ntshiab hlau xws li tantalum, niobium, thiab zirconium.
1. Stainless hlau
Kev kho mob stainless hlau (Stainless Steel li Biomedical Materials) yog hlau -raws li, corrosion{1}}resistant alloy thiab yog ib qho ntawm cov khoom siv kho mob thaum ntxov tshaj plaws. Nws yog tus cwj pwm los ntawm kev yooj yim ntawm kev ua haujlwm thiab tus nqi qis. Cia txias ua haujlwm zoo stainless hlau tsis tsuas yog ua rau lub zog tawm los tab sis kuj ua rau cov hlau nplaum tiv thaiv xeb, uas ua rau txiav qhov tsis sib xws ntawm kev qaug zog tawg qhov chaw nyob rau hauv. Thaum koj saib ntawm microstructure, cov hlau tsis xeb kab li austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, los yog nag lossis daus - qib hardened. Tsis xav tsis thoob, cov hlau no tau dhau los ua qauv iav hauv ntiaj teb kev kho mob; koj yuav pom lawv forged rau hauv riam phais, lub sub-rail ntawm ib tug txiab txiab, lub puab tsaig ntawm lub hemostat, thiab lub cev ntawm ib tug hollow koob. Tshaj li cov cuab yeej siv tes, cov hlau tsis muaj hlau kuj tseem siv rau hauv cov ntawv cog lus, suav nrog cov pob qij txha, phaj thiab ntsia hlau fixators, kev txhawb nqa orthodontic archwire, thiab cov vaj tsev ntawm cov khoom siv lub plawv valve. Ntawm cov kev siv hluav taws xob no, cov qib austenitic ntawm 316L thiab 317L, muaj cov ntsiab lus ntxiv - cov pa roj carbon tsawg kom txo qis cov ciam teb carbide nag lossis daus, dominate. Cov ntawv sau tshwj xeeb rau cov alloys no tau luam tawm thawj zaug hauv xyoo 1987 hloov kho ntawm ISO tus qauv rau implantable metallic cov ntaub ntawv, ISO 5832 thiab ISO 7153. Ua raws li thoob ntiaj teb corpus, ib lub teb chaws tus qauv hauv kuv lub teb chaws, GB 12417, tau tsim nyob rau hauv 1990 thiab saws nyob rau hauv 1991.
Lub biocompatibility thiab lwm yam teeb meem ntawm kev kho mob stainless hlau feem ntau txhawj xeeb cov ntaub so ntswg tshwm sim los ntawm hlau ion dissolution vim corrosion los yog hnav tom qab implantation. Cov ntaub ntawv kho mob dav dav qhia tau hais tias kev txhim kho corrosion ntawm kev kho mob stainless hlau ua rau tsis zoo ntev - lub sij hawm cog kev ruaj ntseg. Tsis tas li ntawd, nws qhov ceev thiab elastic modulus sib txawv ntawm cov tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg, ua rau cov neeg kho tshuab tsis zoo. Corrosion tuaj yeem ua rau cov hlau ions lossis lwm cov khoom sib txuas nkag mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg los yog lub cev tag nrho, uas ua rau muaj kev cuam tshuam tsis zoo xws li edema, kab mob, thiab cov ntaub so ntswg necrosis, ua rau mob thiab ua xua. Tshwj xeeb, nickel ion dissolution ntawm stainless hlau tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev hloov pauv loj (feem ntau siv austenitic kev kho mob stainless hlau muaj kwv yees li 10% nickel). Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, qis -nickel thiab nickel- cov khoom siv kho mob tsis muaj steel hlau tsis pub dawb tau maj mam tsim thiab siv.
2. Cobalt Alloys
Cobalt alloys (Co-raws li alloys li biomedical cov ntaub ntawv) kuj yog feem ntau siv nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov kev kho mob. Muab piv rau cov hlau tsis muaj steel, lawv yog qhov tsim nyog rau kev tsim cov khoom siv ntev ntev - lub sij hawm cog qoob loo raws li qhov xav tau ntawm lub cev, nrog corrosion kuj 40 npaug ntau dua stainless hlau. Thawj cobalt- hlau alloy lub hom phiaj tsim kho rau cov tshuaj yog cobalt-chromium-molybdenum, ib qho kev sib xyaw ua kom txias rau cov qauv austenitic ruaj khov. Tom qab ntawd, nyob rau xyoo 1970s, qhov kev hloov pauv tshiab tau tshwm sim, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog wrought cobalt-nickel-chromium-aluminium-tungsten-hlau mutant uas qhia tau hais tias muaj kev qaug zog zoo dua, thiab MP35N variant, uas khaws cov cobalt-nickel-chromium-aluminussephate rau ntau qhov sib txawv. microstructure. Kev kho mob cobalt leaner austenitic matrix thiab cobalt-nickel variants tau zoo heev hauv kev tsim khoom siv tes ua haujlwm.Lawv tsim cov stems thiab khob ntawm cobalt-chromium Mo-raws li dag lub duav, cov pob qij txha ntawm cobalt-chromium alloy lub hauv caug, thiab orthopedic fastening cov cuab yeej, uas muaj xws li plating rau cov pob txha tsis ruaj khov, tsheb khiav - seam screws, thiab nias - haum cov pob txha pins. Tam sim no, cam khwb cia cobalt-chromium- aluminium alloys yog siv dav tshaj plaws thiab tau muab tso rau hauv tus qauv ISO 5582/4. Xyoo 1990, kuv lub teb chaws suav nrog nws hauv lub teb chaws tus qauv GB12417.
Cobalt alloys feem ntau nyob rau hauv lub xeev passive nyob rau hauv tib neeg lub cev, tsis tshua muaj corroding. Piv rau cov hlau tsis muaj steel, lawv cov zaj duab xis passive yog qhov ruaj khov thiab corrosion-resistant. Lawv kuj muab qhov zoo tshaj plaws hnav tsis kam ntawm tag nrho cov khoom siv kho mob hlau, feem ntau ntseeg tias yuav ua rau tsis muaj kev cuam tshuam histological tom qab cog. Txawm li cas los xij, vim lawv cov nqi siab, cov pob qij txha pob qij txha uas ua los ntawm cobalt alloys nthuav tawm tus nqi siab ntawm kev xoob hauv vivo vim qhov tso tawm ntawm Co thiab Ni ions tshwm sim los ntawm cov hlau hnav thiab corrosion. Tsis tas li ntawd, cov ntsiab lus Co thiab Ni precipitated tam sim no muaj teeb meem lom neeg, xws li kev ua xua hnyav, uas tuaj yeem ua rau cov cell thiab cov nqaij mos necrosis hauv vivo, ua rau mob, sib koom ua ke, thiab ua dej. Yog li ntawd, lawv daim ntawv thov raug txwv. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, cov txheej txheem hloov kho saum npoo tau siv los txhim kho cov khoom nto ntawm cobalt alloys, txhim kho lawv cov kev kho mob zoo.
3. Titanium Alloys
Ti-raws li alloys li biomedical cov ntaub ntawv yog cov feem ntau biocompatible hlau paub. Txij li thaum xyoo 1940, titanium thiab titanium alloys tau maj mam tau txais daim ntawv thov hauv kev kho mob. Xyoo 1951, tib neeg pib siv cov titanium ntshiab los ua cov pob txha daim hlau thiab cov ntsia hlau. Nyob rau hauv nruab nrab -1970s, titanium thiab titanium alloys pib tau txais kev thov kev kho mob thoob plaws, dhau los ua ib qho khoom siv kho mob zoo tshaj plaws. Tam sim no, titanium thiab titanium alloys feem ntau yog siv nyob rau hauv orthopedics, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv ceg thiab pob txha taub hau reconstruction. Lawv yog siv los ua ntau yam kev kho pob txha pob txha, pob qij txha, pob txha taub hau thiab dura mater, lub plawv li qub, cov hniav, cov pos hniav, tuav cov nplhaib, thiab cov yas. Feem ntau siv titanium alloy hauv kev kho mob yog TC4 (Ti-6Al-4V). Cov hlau no muaj + ob-theem qauv ntawm chav tsev kub. Nws lub zog thiab lwm yam khoom siv kho tshuab tuaj yeem txhim kho tau zoo los ntawm kev siv tshuaj kho thiab kev laus.
Qhov ceev ntawm titanium thiab nws cov alloys yog kwv yees li 4.5 g / cm³, kwv yees li ib nrab ntawm cov hlau tsis muaj steel thiab cobalt alloys, mus txog ntawm tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg. Tsis tas li ntawd, lawv cov biocompatibility, corrosion kuj, thiab qaug zog tsis kam tshaj cov hlau stainless thiab cobalt alloys, ua rau lawv tam sim no cov khoom siv kho mob zoo tshaj plaws hlau. Lub affinity ntawm titanium thiab nws cov alloys rau tib neeg lub cev stems los ntawm ntom titanium oxide (TiO2) passivation zaj duab xis ntawm lawv qhov chaw, uas, tom qab implantation, induces lub deposition ntawm calcium thiab phosphorus ions nyob rau hauv lub cev kua los tsim apatite. Qhov no nthuav tawm qee qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm bioactivity thiab kev sib txuas ntawm cov pob txha, ua rau lawv tshwj xeeb rau kev cog qoob loo intraosseous. Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis zoo ntawm titanium thiab nws cov alloys yog lawv cov hardness tsawg thiab tsis zoo hnav tsis kam. Yog tias hnav tshwm sim, oxide zaj duab xis yog thawj zaug rhuav tshem, tom qab ntawd tso tawm cov khoom siv corrosion uas nkag mus rau tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg. Tshwj xeeb tshaj yog, cov tshuaj lom vanadium (V) hauv Ti-6Al-4V alloy tuaj yeem ua rau cog tsis ua haujlwm. Txhawm rau txhim kho qhov hnav tsis kam ntawm titanium thiab nws cov alloys, high-temperature ion amination lossis ion implantation tuaj yeem siv los txhim kho lawv qhov hnav tsis kam. Nyob rau hauv xyoo tas los no, qee qhov tshiab titanium alloys (tsuas yog-hom alloys) tau tsim, txhua tus tsom mus rau txo cov ntsiab lus uas tsim kev puas tsuaj rau tib neeg lub cev, txhim kho biocompatibility ntawm titanium alloys.
4. Puab Memory Alloys
Kev tshawb fawb txog kev kho mob lub cim xeeb alloys (SMAs) raws li cov ntaub ntawv biomedical pib nyob rau xyoo 1970s thiab tau txais kev thov dav heev. Feem ntau siv SMA hauv kev kho mob yog nickel-titanium SMA. Cov duab nco rov qab kub ntawm kev kho mob SMAs yog 36 ± 2 degree, uas phim tib neeg lub cev kub thiab ua kom pom kev sib piv biocompatibility rau titanium alloys. Txawm li cas los xij, vim tias SMAs muaj ntau cov npib tsib xee, kev kho saum npoo tsis zoo tuaj yeem ua rau cov nickel ions nthuav dav thiab nkag mus rau cov ntaub so ntswg, ua rau cov cell thiab cov ntaub so ntswg necrosis. Kev kho mob SMAs feem ntau yog siv hauv kev phais yas thiab kev kho hniav. Tus kheej- nthuav stents, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hlab plawv stents, yog ib qho piv txwv tseem ceeb ntawm lawv daim ntawv thov.
5. Cov hlau zoo nkauj thiab cov hlau ntshiab: Tantalum, Niobium, thiab Zirconium
Cov hlau muaj txiaj ntsig kho mob xa mus rau kub, nyiaj, platinum, thiab lawv cov alloys siv los ua cov khoom siv kho mob. Cov hlau zoo nkauj muaj biocompatibility zoo heev, muaj zog oxidation thiab corrosion kuj, lub cev thiab tshuaj lom neeg ruaj khov, cov yam ntxwv ua tau zoo, thiab tsis yog - lom rau tib neeg cov ntaub so ntswg. Lawv yog siv nyob rau hauv kev kho hniav, kho cranial, implantable electronic devices, neural prostheses, auricular thiab diaphragmatic paj hlwb stimulation li, pom cov hlab ntsha, thiab pacemaker electrodes.
Tantalum rau kev kho hniav kho hniav muaj kev ruaj ntseg zoo heev thiab ua rau lub cev muaj zog corrosion. Tantalum oxide yog qhov tseem ceeb unabsorbed thiab tsis yog - lom. Tantalum tuaj yeem ua ke nrog lwm cov hlau yam tsis muaj kev puas tsuaj rau oxide zaj duab xis. Nyob rau hauv txhua txhua hnub kev kho mob ot zoo li ua tau rau daim ntawv cog lus hlau whilst tsis txhob cuam tshuam ntawm cov nruam oxide txheej uas passivizes lawv nto. Vim hais tias tantalum, niobium, thiab zirconium nthuav tawm ob qho tib si microstructure thiab reactivity profiles zoo sib xws nrog cov titanium, lawv tau raug soj ntsuam rau ntau hom kev cog hniav, xws li cov pob txha grafts thiab ntsia hlau - khaws cov hauv paus hniav mus rau pob khawm ntu ntawm cov hniav tshem tau 6} cov phab ntsa, thiab cov vascular -; pab kiag li lawm xws li kub -modulated tag nrho cov dag lub siab. Txawm li cas los xij, kev nrhiav cov hlau no hauv kev xyaum niaj hnub tseem tab tom raug kaw; lawv qhov kev kho kom zoo thiab kev lag luam kev lag luam ua rau lawv zoo tshaj li cov peev nyiaj ntawm feem ntau cog paj.
